要旨：This paper analyzes tariff competition with strategic interaction among firms which are freely mobile across national boundaries. High transport costs yield a geographic dispersion of industry, whereas sufficiently low transport costs result in a core-periphery location where no one bears tariff burdens. In any cases, the equilibrium of non-cooperative competition must be inefficient. The economy has only to enforce a weak international trade agreement to establish global efficiency.

要旨：これまでの施設配置モデル、一時点での最適化手法が用いられてきた。しかし、限られた財政制約、さらには人口増加や人口減少時代では時間とともに社会状況が変化するわけで、このような配置は現実的では無い。そのため、時間軸に沿って最適化を行う、欲張り法やけちけち法といった逐次最適化手法が必要となる。本発表では、これら近視眼的施設配置モデルについて、俯瞰的な視点からその効率性評価する。特に、茨城県の現実の施設や人口分布を用いた実証例による評価、劣モジュラ性に着目した理論的評価を提示した。

要旨：本報告の目的は、20世紀の京都市における居住地域構造の長期的な変化を分析し、その変化の要因を、京都市を取り巻く社会的、経済的背景との関連性から明らかにすることである。分析の対象とする時期は、資料として得られる小地域統計の都合上、1911年、1965年、2005年の3時点とし、各時点における京都市域を対象地域とした。まず、小地域統計から作成した3時点の居住者特性に基づき類型化を行ない、それぞれの類型の空間的な分布を比較し、20世紀の京都市における居住地域構造の変化を検討した。居住地域構造の変化に関する要因を議論した結果、20世紀における居住地域構造の変化は、次のようにまとめられた。20世紀初頭の京都市における居住地域構造は、旧市街地における近世末以来の大商人・職人による居住地域構造に、近代になって生じた大学・官公庁、工場労働者による構造が付加されたものであった。20世紀前半には、日本の他の大都市とは異なり、戦災の影響が小さく、旧市街地内の居住地域構造はおおよそ維持された。旧市街地の周辺では、旧市街地内の居住地域構造が、用途地域規制の影響下で外側に拡大した。20世紀後半の京都市では、工場の郊外移転や脱工業化の流れという全国的な動向のなかで、ブルーカラー層の割合が減少した。旧市街地内では、高齢化や町家の減少、マンションの供給が進み、学生やホワイトカラー層の単身者が目立つようになり、入り組んだ居住地域構造をなすようになった。旧市街地の周辺では、大学の移転や拡張にともなって学生など若年層が進出し、さらに周辺では、ホワイトカラー層の核家族の割合も高まった。

要旨：In this paper, we examine firms' outsourcing decisions in a framework of buyer-supplier match, in an attempt to understand the mechanism behind an observed positive relationship between outsourcing and market size. By estimating structural parameters, we test to what extent the costs of market transaction could be reduced in thicker markets and therefore increases firms' likelihood to outsource, even after controlling for the effect of scale economy on outsourcing. To do so, we use the data of the U.S. credit unions' decisions of outsourcing data-processing, together with information on matches between credit unions and IT vendors. In our model, credit unions' outsourcing decisions are interrelated, because each credit union's decision affects the degree of scale economy at vendors. We adopt a matching estimator proposed by Fox (2009), which allows us to estimate a matching function without price information. The estimated model allows us to perform a counterfactual analyses to show the effect of market thickness through transaction costs and that through scale economies separately.

要旨：本研究は戦後日本の人口移動と経済成長の相互依存関係を分析するため、立地の最適決定を含む２地域の経済成長モデルを構築した。分析の結果、人口移動は日本全体、三大都市圏の一人当たり所得の成長率を加速させた一方、非三大都市圏のそれを減衰させたことが明らかになった。また、高い経済成長率は長期的には人口移動を加速させるが、短期的にはそうでないことが示され、クズネッツの経済成長と人口移動の関係についての仮説に非線形性があることが示唆された。その他、両者の関係を説明する上で産業構造の変化が重要であること、それに伴った移動費用の減少が世代間の不公平を生じさせうることが示唆された。

要旨：The welfare effects of capital market integration are examined under a model of tax competition with two asymmetric countries. The asymmetry is expressed through labor market institution; one country has perfect labor market, whereas the other country is unionized. Our results show that the welfare effects of capital market integration are different depending on whether governments play an active role for attracting capital: in the absence of active governments, the capital market integration benefits a country with competitive labor market and harms the unionized country. If the governments are active and competes for mobile capital by using tax/subsidy instrument, the market integration benefits both countries. The government's incentive to participate in tax/subsidy game is also examined in the integrated capital market. We find that the unionized country always prefers to participate tax/subsidy game, but the non-unionized country avoids the game if it is a capital-importer.

要旨：In this paper, we discuss under which conditions the subcenter that links to the CBD area in terms of land market forms when there exist agglomeration economies. Besides, the effects of FAR regulation on urban configuration are described. FAR depicted in this paper is substituted for the number of the CBD workers. Then, using bid-rent function approach, the equilibrium systems with both the unbinding and binding FAR regulations are solved. And also the optimal urban configuration is described when the government can control the growth level of the CBD. Main results are as follows: If transport cost is more highly evaluated than agglomeration economies, (i) as the agglomeration economies are weaker, a subcenter tends to form; (ii) the improvement of transportation system makes it difficult for a subcenter to form. Furthermore, if agglomeration economies is more highly evaluated than transport cost, FAR deregulation expands the city boundary, which is the opposite outcome of Bertaud and Brueckner [2005].

要旨：We examine commuting in a game-theoretic setting with a continuum of commuters. Commuters' home and work locations can be heterogeneous. The transport network is arbitrary but exogenous. Traffic speed is determined by link capacity and by local congestion at a time and place along a link, where local congestion at a time and place is endogenous. Cars can catch up with others and slow them down. After formulating a static model, where consumers choose only routes to work, and a dynamic model, where they also choose departure times, we describe and examine existence of Nash equilibrium in both models and show that they differ, so prior claims about equivalence of the two models are false. Optima are shown to exist for both the static and dynamic models and are found to be different from the Nash equilibria in the respective models. Then it is shown via the folk theorem that for sufficiently large discount factors the repeated dynamic model has as equilibrium any strategy that is achievable in the one shot game with choice of departure times, including the efficient ones. A similar result holds for the static model, restricting to strategies in the one shot game that yield individually rational payoffs. Applicability of the anti-folk theorem is also discussed. In the end, our results pose a challenge to congestion pricing. Finally, we examine evidence from St. Louis to determine what equilibrium strategies are actually played in the repeated game.

要旨：This paper investigates the impacts of progressive trade openness, technological externalities, and heterogeneity of individuals on the formation of entrepreneurship in a two-country occupation choice model. We show that trade opening gives rise to a non-monotonic process of international specialization, in which the share of entrepreneurial firms in the large (small) country first increases (decreases) and then decreases (increases), with the global economy exhibiting first de-industrialization and then re-industrialization. When countries have the same size, we also show that strong technological externalities make the symmetric equilibrium unstable, generating equilibrium multiplicity, while sufficient heterogeneity of individuals leads to the stability and uniqueness of the symmetric equilibrium.

要旨：地域間格差は、経済学・地域科学における最も大きな関心事項の一つであり、我が国を対象とした実証研究も膨大な数に上る。しかしながらそれらの研究の大半はジニ係数やタイル尺度などの統計量に関する考察か、所得の収束仮説に関する検証を行ったものであり、所得の空間分布に重点を置いて考察した例は極めて少ない。本研究では、我が国の市町村単位の所得データを様々な空間統計手法を用いて分析することにより、地域間の所得格差の動向を従来とは異なる視点から考察することを目的とする。