要旨：日本経済の主要なシェアを占めるサービス産業の生産性を向上させ、新たなイノベーションを促進することは、経済成長、より暮らし良い社会の創出、製造業の革新を導出するなど、重要性を持つ。IKEAの事例は、統一規格、効率的な大量生産と大量輸送によって、消費者に安価な商品を提供しているが、安価なだけではなくIKEAのデザインのアイデンティティを確保し、店舗の効果的なディスプレイによって、消費者が自宅の暮らし方を変えるホーム・ファーニシングをインスパイアされる喜びを提供している。統一規格の下でありながら、市場のローカルな特徴に応じて、製品のサイズやボリュームを調整することでローカリゼーションを実現する。製品デザインはスウェーデン本社で管理しながら、消費者との細かなインターフェイスは各店舗に委ねられていることに特徴がある。このような低価格化と消費者へのユニークな価値の提供を両立しているところにIKEAのサービスイノベーションがあるといえる。

要旨：Universal service obligations are usually not competitively neutral as they modify the way firms compete in the market. In this paper, we consider a continuum of local markets in a dynamic setting with a stochastically growing demand. The incumbent must serve all markets (ubiquity) possibly at a uniform price and an entrant decides on its market coverage before firms compete in prices. Connecting a market involves a sunk cost. We show that the imposition of a uniform price constraint modifies the timing of entry: for low connection cost markets, entry occurs earlier while for high connection cost markets, entry occurs later.

要旨：This study proposes a microscopic model of a pedestrian flow that considers the anticipation and decision processes of pedestrians interacting with each other by incorporating game theory. Modeling pedestrian flow in crowded places is essential for evaluating pedestrian facilities and their capacity. It is necessary to consider the anticipation and decision processes of pedestrians interacting with each other because pedestrians are likely to collide frequently in congested situations. This study proposes a model that utilizes the concept of Nash equilibrium. An algorithm for simulating the model is proposed, along with an algorithm for determining the best route of a pedestrian considering the existence of other pedestrians. That the proposed model is capable of reproducing the congested pedestrian flow is confirmed by numerical tests.

要旨：空間的競争モデルを用いて垂直的取引関係の下での販売業者の立地選択を分析する。

要旨：We develop a distance-based approach to localized knowledge spillovers by incorporating the concept of control patents (Jaffe et al., 1993) and the construction of counterfactuals (Duranton and Overman, 2005), while using the data at the census place level. Unlike the existing literature, where the extent of localized knowledge spillovers is detected at the state or Metropolitan Statistical Area level, our approach captures cross-boundary knowledge spillovers. We revisit the recent debate by Thompson and Fox-Kean (2005) and Henderson et al. (2005) on the existence of localized knowledge spillovers, and find solid evidence supporting localization even when finer controls are used.

要旨：リーマンショック以降も経済の混乱は続いているが、とりわけ日本の経済は他国よりも回復が遅れている。日本では、選択と集中を合言葉に、事業を削ることによって厳しい経営環境に対応してきた。しかしそれは大企業中心の日本のイノベーションシステムが破壊されたことも意味する。基礎研究から事業化という伝統的イノベーションシステムはなくなり、今や複数の企業、あるいは大学・公的研究機関を巻き込まない限り、国際的競争に参加できない。本研究では、企業間の取引（ニーズ）と特許の発生（シーズ）に着目し、現在の日本の企業間イノベーションシステムがどのように構築されているかを分析した。データとして100万の企業をノードとし、それらにおける取引と特許の共同出願によるリンクからなる多重ネットワークを分析した。分析に、産業連関表、ERGモデル、ベイジアンネットワークの3つを用いた。

要旨：This paper studies the economic geography realized when consumers suffer from the problem of imperfect information concerning the characteristics of varieties sold in respective shopping areas. We verify that such imperfect information can be a source of a spatial agglomeration of economic activities. It is shown that only two categories of distribution patterns, the segregation and the full agglomeration, can be supported by an equilibrium. We characterize the conditions for each of them being supported by an equilibrium. Our results exhibit a remarkable resemblance to those of the conventional NEG models.

要旨：本研究では、供給量制約のある独占的サービス市場における事前割引料金システムの導入効果を理論的に分析する。事前割引システムは、サービス消費に対する不確実性と家計のサービス選好に対する異質性が存在する状況の下で、より大きな効用を持つ家計に優先的にサービスを割り当てるメカニズムを有することを指摘する。その上で、同質のサービスが供給される独占市場を対象とした市場均衡モデルを定式化し、事前割引料金システムの導入がもたらす経済便益を評価する。事前割引料金システムの導入により、独占企業の利潤、社会的厚生の双方は増加するが、家計の経済厚生は逆に減少することを明らかにする。さらに、家計の経済厚生低下を抑止するためには、料金規制が必要であることを指摘する。

要旨：In this paper, the effects of transportation costs on agglomeration economy and dynamics of industrial location are examined empirically. Combining a spatial demand function derived in the theoretical New Economic Geography (NEG) literature, Krugman (1980), Fujita, Krugman and Venables (1999) and others, with a production function, I propose a revenue production function, which captures the effects of transportation costs on firm's revenue. The suggested revenue production function makes it possible to relate the geographic agglomeration economy with the transportation costs, something not done in previous empirical studies. Two empirical examination of the model with regional panel data of manufacturing sector in Japan are performed. First, I estimate the revenue production function including parameters for transportation costs of each industry. The results show significantly positive transportation costs of the manufacturing products but the transportation costs of the outputs of the primary sector and service sector are not significantly positive. Second, using the first stage results, I estimate the dynamic determinants of industrial location. The results show regional net entry in Japan had been mainly determined by the costs of intermediate inputs (price index) rather than the demand condition and the costs of labor inputs (wage rates).

要旨：This paper develops an endogenous growth model with two countries in which international trade of differentiated goods requires trade costs and equilibrium wages in two countries are different. If the labor productivity in agriculture sector in the large market country is higher than the small market country, the wage in the large market country is higher than the small market country. In this model there is a case in which the small market country has higher share of number of manufacturing firms than the larger market country and the innovation sector locates in the small market country, since the cost for production of manufacturing sector and innovation sector is higher in the large market country than the small market country. Firstly when trade costs are high, share of number of manufacturing firms in large market country increases as decline in trade costs. But next the share decreases with decline in trade costs when trade costs are low. Finally all firms agglomerate in the small (and lower production cost) country. As innovation sector, if trade costs are very high, it is located in the small market country. If trade costs take intermediate values, it locates in the large market country. If trade costs become very lower, it locates again in the small market country. Growth rate moves non-monotonous as W shaped with reduction in trade costs. Because it is affected by the share of manufacturing firms and the location of innovation sector.