要旨：Investigations of the effect of quality differences on heterogeneous performance in exporting have been limited by lack of direct measures of quality. We examine exports of French wine, matching the exporting firms to producer ratings from two wine guides. We show that high quality producers export to more markets, charge higher prices, and sell more in each market. Exports of champagne exhibit a pattern of quality sorting predicted in our model. More attractive markets are served by exporters that, on average, make lower rated champagne. Market attractiveness has a weakly negative effect on prices and a strongly positive effect on quantities, confirming the sign predictions of a simple quality sorting model.

要旨：We consider a vertically integrated rail service provider, a congested, capacity limited network, and two customers. One customer demands short- and one long-distance services. The supply is determined by a regulator choosing capacity limits, service charges, and allocation regimes. Regimes can be of two types: (i) a priority rule ‘revenue maximization’ and (ii) a scarcity premium. Our key results are based on a Monte Carlo simulation. We find that no regime dominates the other one in all respects. In particular, if total surplus is relevant and service charges are low or consumer surplus is relevant, revenue maximization should be preferred.

【応用ミクロ経済学・産業経済学ワークショップと共催】

要旨：The effort to lower the space barriers is in the core of what we call economic development, industrial structure transformation, and technological innovation like steam engine, motorcar, radio, TV, telephone, mobile phone etc. Owning and consuming them is not the ultimate purpose they serve. They exist to be used to spatially move human beings, commodities, or information. Human activities to lower spatial barriers, which macro-economics is apt to ignore, are nothing else than the dynamic process of economic development itself. To acquire a limited number and quantity of goods and services, we need to mobilize a set of space overcoming system.

要旨：This paper analyzes empirically the effect of spatial agglomeration of activities on the productivity of firms using French individual firm data from 1996 to 2004. This allows us to control for endogeneity biases that the estimation of agglomeration economies typically encounters. French firms benefit from localization economies, but not from urbanization economies nor from competition effects. The benefits generated by increased sectoral clustering, though positive and highly significant are modest and geographically very limited. The gains from clusters are also quite well internalized by firms in their location choice: we find very little difference between the geography that would maximize productivity gains and the geography actually observed.

【基盤研究(S)「東アジアにおける産業集積および企業連関の新展開と共生的持続性の研究」（研究代表者：平川均（名古屋大学））と共催】 要旨：We develop a general equilibrium model of international trade with heterogeneous firms in which wages are endogenously determined. Trade integration forces the least efficient firms to leave the market and, thereby, affects aggregate productivity and wages. Using US-Canadian trade data, we estimate a system of theory-based gravity equations under the equilibrium constraints generated by the model. Doing so allows us to measure ‘border effects’ and to decompose them into: (i) a ‘pure’ border effect; (ii) relative and absolute wage effects; and (iii) a selection effect. Since wages are endogenously determined and react to changes in trade frictions, our model is well suited to the analysis of counterfactual trade liberalization scenarios. Using the estimated parameters from the gravity equation system, we conduct a counterfactual analysis on the impacts of removing the US-Canadian border on wages, productivity, markups, the share of exporting firms, the mass of varieties produced and consumed, and welfare.

【基盤研究(S)「東アジアにおける産業集積および企業連関の新展開と共生的持続性の研究」（研究代表者：平川均（名古屋大学））と共催】 要旨：This paper discusses how the reform agenda of a government in the labour market may be affected by the structure of the political process. We present a theoretical model in which political instability and political polarisation drives the economy towards an equilibrium with labour market regulation and involuntary unemployment. We empirically test these predictions using a panel dataset of 21 OECD countries for the period 1985-2002. Our preliminary results support our theoretical priors: parliamentary fragmentation and a proportionary electoral system are associated to a higher policy stance in the labour market and long term unemployment.

【応用ミクロ経済学・産業経済学ワークショップと共催】

要旨：This paper provides a theory of the location of firms and, as cities are groups of firms, the emergence of cities. Using a model of equilibrium entry, this paper provides a microfoundation for central place theory and the conditions under which Zipf’s law for cities emerges. Central place theory describes how a hierarchical city system with different layers of cities serving different sized market areas forms from a uniformly populated space. Zipf’s law for cities, that is, the size distribution of cities following the Pareto distribution with a tail index close to 1, is a robust empirical regularity. In the model, the main force driving the size difference of cities is the tradeoff between transportation cost and scale economies, which differs across goods due to different fixed costs of production. Since a central place hierarchy also implies a hierarchy of firms, Zipf’s law for firms is also approximated. The theory is also consistent with a newly discovered empirical regularity, the number-average-size rule, which is a log-linear relationship between the number of cities and the average size of cities where an industry is located.