要旨：This paper revisits the core-periphery model of Krugman (1991) when his CES utility is replaced by a general additively separable sub-utility which captures the income effect and allows variable markups. New evolving paths and bifurcation patterns are created by the interaction between the agglomeration force generated by monopolistic competition, increasing returns to scale, trade cost and the dispersion force resulting from the pro-competitive effect. Autarky does not necessarily produce full dispersion and free trade may not correspond to agglomeration. Moreover, the demand parameter of manufactured goods is crucial to determining the firm location.

要旨：This talk will firstly review observed trends among public transport operators regarding fare polices and discuss that both simplification and “optimisation by differentiation” trends exist. If revenue and demand management optimal fares are desired, also in urban settings distance and route depending fares are increasingly an option due to new data collection technologies. This leads to modelling challenges such “hyperpaths with non-additive costs” which will be discussed in the second part. In the third part then the impact of new transport forms, in particular shared transport and “cheap taxis” is discussed. The competition and collaboration potential will be highlighted. The talk will close with some thoughts on how electrification of the transport system and vehicle to grid services might also impact fares and revenues.

要旨：In their model of monopolistic competition with firm heterogeneity and variable markups, Nocco, Ottaviano, and Salto (2014) show firm heterogeneity and markup pricing create distortions at market equilibrium, which can be removed by a first-best policy if a firm-specific per-unit tax/subsidy is available. This study provides an alternative first-best policy without adopting a firm-specific tax/subsidy. The first-best outcome can be decentralized through a uniform ad valorem production tax and a uniform per-unit production subsidy, accompanied by a lump-sum tax on consumers. This indicates that policymakers can design the first-best policy without observing firm private information in terms of productivity.

EBPM研究会と共催（登録者のみ参加可能）

要旨：Most metropolitan areas in the U.S. have been developed around the automobile, making driving essential to accessing opportunities.  Despite high rates of driving, some adults do not drive.  A majority of non-drivers face significant barriers to driving, one of which is state driver’s license regulations that deny driving privileges to unauthorized immigrants. However, 15 states and the District of Columbia have adopted laws allowing unauthorized immigrants to acquire driver licenses and, therefore, to legally drive.  In this study, we draw on annual data from the American Community Survey from 2006 to 2018 to examine the relationship between the adoption of state driver’s licensing laws for unauthorized immigrants and changes in automobile commuting and commuting by public transit.  We focus on unauthorized Latinx immigrants in California, the state with the largest percentage of unauthorized residents.  We then test to see whether the effects are similar in other states that have recently adopted comparable driver’s licensing regulations. Many unauthorized immigrants in California have obtained driver’s licenses through Assembly Bill 60 (AB 60) allowing them to drive legally. Our analysis shows that AB 60 had a small positive effect on auto commuting and a small negative effect on transit commuting among unauthorized Latinx immigrants in California but, likely, little or no effect in states outside of California. Combined with its role in reducing hit and run accidents and potentially easing immigrants’ fears of police stops, the evidence suggests that AB 60 has contributed to the enhanced mobility and safety of unauthorized immigrants and their families.