要旨：This paper argues that a variety of firm specificity supported by sophisticated inter-firm relationships is essential for understanding the mechanics and spatial structure of international production/distribution networks in East Asia. By mapping the two-dimensional fragmentation framework (Kimura and Ando (2005)) into geographical space, the paper proposes the concept of four layers of transactions in production/distribution networks: (i) local, (ii) sub-regional, (iii) regional, and (iv) the world. The concept effectively bridges geographical extensions of production/ distribution networks and the nature of transactions in terms of intra-firm vs. arm's-length as well as technological/managerial conditions. In addition, the paper discusses the implications of such geographical structure of production/distribution networks for technology transfers/spillovers from multinationals to local firms and claims its importance in new development strategies.

要旨：This paper provides the first credible evidence on the economic value of "green buildings" - derived from impersonal market transactions rather than engineering estimates. We analyze clusters of certified green and nearby buildings, establishing that "rated" buildings command substantially higher rents and selling prices than otherwise identical buildings. Variations in premiums are systematically related to energy-saving characteristics. Increased energy efficiency is associated with increased selling prices - beyond the premiums paid for a labeled building. Evidence suggests that the intangible effects of the label itself may also play a role in determining the values of green buildings in the marketplace.

要旨：This paper examines the extent of localization in the Japanese manufacturing industries by utilizing a unique firm-level dataset on geographic locations. Following the point-pattern approach proposed by Duranton and Overman (2005, Review of Economic Studies), we find the following. First, about a half of the Japan's manufacturing sectors are classified as localized and the number of localized industries is the largest for the distance level of 40 km or less. Second, several industries within textile mills products branch are among the most localized, which resembles the results in the UK and suggests the existence of common factors across countries for concentration of industrial activities. Third, the distribution of distances between entrant (exiting) firms and remaining firms is, in most industries, insignificantly different from the case in which they are randomly located. This indicates that most of the industries become neither localized nor dispersed over time.