要旨：This paper analyzes the locations of heterogeneous firms, which are differentiated by indices in the industrial space, when communication externalities generate agglomeration economies. The benefit of a communication decreases as the industrial distance between two firms increases. An interregional communication requires travel cost while an intraregional communication requires no cost. There are also agglomeration diseconomies arising from rise in regional wage rate. We derive three types of stable equilibrium configurations: agglomeration, partial agglomeration, and dispersion. Multiple equilibria of agglomeration and dispersion may exist. Agglomeration is likely to occur when the degree of communication intensity and travel cost are large.

要旨：We examine network formation via bilateral trade agreement (BTA) among three symmetric countries. Each government decides the conclusion of a BTA depending on the differential of ex-post and ex-ante simple sum of real wages in the country. We model the governmental decision in two forms, myopic and farsighted and analyze the effects on the BTA network formation. Firstly, both myopic game and farsighted game never induce star networks as well as the empty network. Second, in most of the cases, the networks resulting from the myopic game coincide those resulting from the farsighted game, but there exist some cases where the two games yield distinct networks.

要素数nの観測値Xからm個の要素をブートストラップ・リサンプリングして複製X*を生成する．
ここでは一般にXのデータサイズnとX*のデータサイズmが異なっていても良いと考える．
ある事象（又は仮説）Ｈが成立するかしないかをXから計算する手続きf(X)が用意されているとき，
ブートストラップ法でX*を多数回生成してf(X*)を繰り返し適用する．
X*においてHが成立する頻度がブートストラップ確率であり,通常 はm=nとおいて得られるブートストラップ確率がf(X)の信頼度として用いられる．
ある種の正規性とフラットな事前分布を仮定するとm=nのブートストラップ確率はベイズの事後確率と解釈できるが (Efron and Tibshirani 1998)，
これがしばしば頻度論 の確率値と誤解されて分子進化学の応用で大きな問題になることがあった．
そこで Shimodaira (2002, 2004, 2008)によって提案されたマルチスケール・ブートストラップ法ではmを意図的に変化させ，
ブートストラップ確率をm=-nへ外挿して信頼度を計算する．
負のデータサイズは一見すると奇異に感じられるが，このm=-nの外挿値が実は頻度論の不偏検定における確率値であることが示される．

要旨：This paper argues that a variety of firm specificity supported by sophisticated inter-firm relationships is essential for understanding the mechanics and spatial structure of international production/distribution networks in East Asia. By mapping the two-dimensional fragmentation framework (Kimura and Ando (2005)) into geographical space, the paper proposes the concept of four layers of transactions in production/distribution networks: (i) local, (ii) sub-regional, (iii) regional, and (iv) the world. The concept effectively bridges geographical extensions of production/ distribution networks and the nature of transactions in terms of intra-firm vs. arm's-length as well as technological/managerial conditions. In addition, the paper discusses the implications of such geographical structure of production/distribution networks for technology transfers/spillovers from multinationals to local firms and claims its importance in new development strategies.