要旨：日本経済の主要なシェアを占めるサービス産業の生産性を向上させ、新たなイノベーションを促進することは、経済成長、より暮らし良い社会の創出、製造業の革新を導出するなど、重要性を持つ。IKEAの事例は、統一規格、効率的な大量生産と大量輸送によって、消費者に安価な商品を提供しているが、安価なだけではなくIKEAのデザインのアイデンティティを確保し、店舗の効果的なディスプレイによって、消費者が自宅の暮らし方を変えるホーム・ファーニシングをインスパイアされる喜びを提供している。統一規格の下でありながら、市場のローカルな特徴に応じて、製品のサイズやボリュームを調整することでローカリゼーションを実現する。製品デザインはスウェーデン本社で管理しながら、消費者との細かなインターフェイスは各店舗に委ねられていることに特徴がある。このような低価格化と消費者へのユニークな価値の提供を両立しているところにIKEAのサービスイノベーションがあるといえる。

要旨：Universal service obligations are usually not competitively neutral as they modify the way firms compete in the market. In this paper, we consider a continuum of local markets in a dynamic setting with a stochastically growing demand. The incumbent must serve all markets (ubiquity) possibly at a uniform price and an entrant decides on its market coverage before firms compete in prices. Connecting a market involves a sunk cost. We show that the imposition of a uniform price constraint modifies the timing of entry: for low connection cost markets, entry occurs earlier while for high connection cost markets, entry occurs later.

要旨：This study proposes a microscopic model of a pedestrian flow that considers the anticipation and decision processes of pedestrians interacting with each other by incorporating game theory. Modeling pedestrian flow in crowded places is essential for evaluating pedestrian facilities and their capacity. It is necessary to consider the anticipation and decision processes of pedestrians interacting with each other because pedestrians are likely to collide frequently in congested situations. This study proposes a model that utilizes the concept of Nash equilibrium. An algorithm for simulating the model is proposed, along with an algorithm for determining the best route of a pedestrian considering the existence of other pedestrians. That the proposed model is capable of reproducing the congested pedestrian flow is confirmed by numerical tests.

要旨：空間的競争モデルを用いて垂直的取引関係の下での販売業者の立地選択を分析する。

要旨：We develop a distance-based approach to localized knowledge spillovers by incorporating the concept of control patents (Jaffe et al., 1993) and the construction of counterfactuals (Duranton and Overman, 2005), while using the data at the census place level. Unlike the existing literature, where the extent of localized knowledge spillovers is detected at the state or Metropolitan Statistical Area level, our approach captures cross-boundary knowledge spillovers. We revisit the recent debate by Thompson and Fox-Kean (2005) and Henderson et al. (2005) on the existence of localized knowledge spillovers, and find solid evidence supporting localization even when finer controls are used.