要旨：We construct a framework of endogenous growth and new economic geography models in which industries with vertical linkages grow and agglomerate in a limited number of countries. Using this framework, we consider the outcomes of an R&D subsidy game among countries in the world economy where globalization proceeds. When transaction costs are higher, less industrialized countries are more eager to attract industries with vertical linkages. To prevent the industries from relocating, more industrialized countries choose much higher R&D subsidies. As a result, the industries never relocate and the economy-wide growth rate is very high. When transaction costs decrease, countries are less willing to host industries with vertical linkages. R&D subsidy competition becomes less intensive, and so the industries are more likely to relocate. The economy-wide growth rate fluctuates and decreases on average.

要旨：We consider location choice of Cournot oligopolist in two segmented markets with intrinsic different production cost function and entry cost. We establish they insufficiently (excessively) locate in the market with low production cost if the entry cost in the market with high production cost is (not) relatively higher.

要旨：This theoretical paper investigates whether entering a spoke or a rim route of an incumbent's hub-spoke network is preferable for entrants. The spoke market size is generally larger than the rim market size. The scales of demand for the connecting and direct routings in the rim market are different. Passengers differentiate flights of carriers. Focusing on these characteristics on the demand side, we demonstrate that it is more profitable to enter the spoke route (the rim route) when the scale of demand for the connecting route (the direct route) is comparatively larger. However, this is not always the case. We also find interesting cases where entering a route with a smaller scale of demand is comparatively profitable. Furthermore, we find that entry on the spoke route is always socially preferable.